INDOEX 1998 First Field Phase
Operations Summary
January 1 - April 1, 1998

 Compiled by: Hung V. Nguyen, Satyendra M. Bhandari, A. Jayaraman, V. Ramanathan,
L.V.G Rao, Suzanne T. Rupert, G. Viswanathan, Steve F. Williams and K.S. Zalpuri

INDOEX International Project Office
August 1998

INDOEX Publication #19

Table of Contents

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The first field phase (FFP) of INDOEX was undertaken during 1 January to 1 April 1998. The goals of the FFP were threefold:

• Collect surface based and satellite based data that can be used to support, design and compare the data that will be collected during the intensive field phase (IFP) of INDOEX (January - April of 1999).

• Complete as many of the ship and surface based objectives, e.g., column optical depth, column radiative forcing, air-sea interaction processes, etc., as possible such that the IFP can focus more on the aircraft oriented objectives.

• Conduct joint calibration and validation studies of the various instruments that are being used in INDOEX on surface as well as on different platforms.

Experiment Platforms

 1. Oceanographic Research Vessel (ORV) Sagar Kanya Cruise: #133
    18 February to 30 March 1998.
2. Joint ship - surface instrument calibration/Inter-comparison studies conducted when ORV Sagar Kanya was in the vicinity:
     -22 February 1998 off Trivandrum for boundary layer experiments,
     -23 February 1998 off Minicoy for multiwavelength radiometer experiment,
     -27-28 February 1998 near Kaashidhoo.
3. Island Stations:
    a. Kaashidhoo (Malé) Site Observations: 15 January to 31 December 1998.
    b. Mauritius/Réunion Site Observations 1 January to 1 April 1998.
4. IMD balloonsonde from Minicoy, Goa, Lucknow, Cochin, Madras, Vizag, Port Blair, and Trivandrum.
5. Indian LIDAR Stations: Mt. Abu, Pune and Trivandrum.
6. TRMM Satellite (CERES instrument for radiation budget).
7. NOAA Polar Orbiter (AVHRR).
8. DMSP Satellite (Liquid Water).

Planned Comprehensive Data Sets

1. Surface Solar (broadband and spectral) fluxes of solar radiation and column aerosol optical depth.
2. Boundary layer aerosol physico-chemical properties.
3. Vertical aerosol backscatter structure determined by NCAR SABL LIDAR.
4. Vertical water vapor and ozone distribution.
5. Boundary layer structure, its diurnal variability and interaction with various chemistry and aerosol components of INDOEX over the Indian Ocean region.
6. The extent of continental flow over the ocean and its effects on the marine boundary layer height and transport of aerosols.
7. Surface energy/heat fluxes in relation to SST gradients in the INDOEX region.
8. Direct estimate of turbulent fluxes.
9. Year-round climatology of reactive and conservative atmospheric trace gases.
 

2.0 SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVES
  • Specific objectives of the FFP were the following:

  • Observe the north-south gradient in the Indian Ocean, including the Arabian Sea, of aerosol optical depth, surface solar radiative fluxes and boundary layer aerosol physico-chemical properties.

  • Observe the north-south gradient of surface ozone , CO, NOx and other greenhouse gases (i.e. CH4, N2O, CFC, etc.).

  • Study of precipitation chemistry.

  • Observe year-round climatology of surface ozone, CO, SF6, CFCs and radiometric properties in Malé.

  • Observe the north-south gradient of vertical water vapor distribution and ozone distribution from the Arabian Sea across the ITCZ into the South Indian Ocean up to Mauritius.

  • Observe the north-south variations in boundary layer depth, entrainment velocity at the PBL top, and occurrence and frequency of low cloud distribution, and marine boundary layer characteristics.

  • Observe the latitudinal variation in the components of the surface energy budget that includes the ocean mixed layer.

  • Test the satellite algorithms for retrieving aerosol optical depths from radiances measured by AVHRR.

  • Compare the aerosol, O3, CO and radiation fluxes between the Maléand

  • Mauritius/Réunion sites.

  • Use the Malésite data to refine and validate the satellite algorithms for retrieving optical depths and surface solar fluxes.

  • Compare and calibrate ship-borne instruments with those in Maléand Mauritius.

  • Test the CIDS and CODIAC systems on real data.

  • Determine from slow- and fast-response meteorological data the appropriate exchange coefficients for momentum, heat and moisture at the air-sea interface.

  • Perform an operations test and model trajectory evaluation in preparation for the 1999 Field Campaign (IFP).

    More importantly, the FFP gave the international science team an opportunity to collaborate across national boundaries in field campaigns.

    3.0 SHIP PROGRAM

    3.1 Overview

    The vessel used for the FFP was the Indian ORV Sagar Kanya. The ship can accommodate up to 28 scientists. For meteorological data gathering, the ship is equipped with balloons as well as standard weather sensors. Other sensors were added by PIs involved in the project. Laboratories onboard include wet and dry labs at the port side and on the main deck, a photo lab and print room, a multipurpose lab, electronic lab, geophysical lab, and chemistry lab. The ship also contains an intercom talk back system with 30 extensions as well as an automatic teleTel system with 50 extensions. Appendix - A provides more detailed specifications of ORV Sagar Kanya.

    3.2 Measurements

     The following measurements were made aboard the ORV Sagar Kanya to realize the Scientific Objectives. The instruments onboard Sagar Kanya making these measurements are listed in Table 3-1.

  • Aerosol optical depth, size distribution, chemical composition, radiation fluxes, surface chemistry and vertical ozone distribution.

  • Temperature, humidity and three components of wind (u, v, w) using turbulence probes.

  • Boundary layer flows and profiles of meteorological parameters namely wind speed and direction, temperature and humidity with good height resolution (~30m) by radiosonde ascents.

  • Surface pressure, cloud cover and rainfall.

  • Surface radiation balance (short and long wave) measurements.

  • Temperature and salinity depth profiles and water sampling up to 1000 m depth at selected stations by CTD.

  • Temperature and salinity depth profiles a a few stations by XBT and XCTD probes.

  • Upper ocean currents along most of cruise track by vessel mounted ADCP.

  • Surface meteorological data collection by automatic weather station.

  • Analysis of DMS, CO2, N2O, dissolved oxygen, pH and nutrients in water samples from different depths at selected stations.

    TABLE 3-1: CRUISE-BASED MEASUREMENTS

    Measurement Instrument Investigator Institution Location on Ship
    CHEMISTRY AND TRACE GASES

    Surface NOx Chemiluminence Gupta, Lal NPL, PRL Wet lab (main deck)
    CO2 (sea water),
    N20, dissolved oxygen,
    pH, nutrients     		Chemical George NIO Chemistry Lab.
    Surface CO IR absorption Lal, Gupta PRL, NPL Wet lab (main deck)
    Green House Gases (CH4/NMHC) Grab samplers/GC Gupta, Lal NPL, NIO Fore deck
    Surface O3 UV absorption Lal PRL Wet lab (main deck)
    DMS (aqueous) Stripping George NIO Fore deck
    SF6 GC - ECD Lal PRL Wet lab (main deck)
    O3 Profile Ozone Sondes IMD Kley, Mandal IMD KFA, NPL Back side of A deck
    Precipitation chemistry W.O. Collector, major
    & trace components     		Granat, Kulshrestha MISU, MPL Front side of B
    deck and Fore deck
    Trace gases Grab samples Rowland, Blake UCI  

    AEROSOLS        

    Aerosols Comp High volume sampler Prospero, Thiemens,
    Krishnamoorthy, Gupta     		Univ. Miami,
    UCSD, SPL    		 Front side of B deck
    Aerosol mass conc.
    and size distribution     		QCM Jayaraman PRL Wet lab (main deck)
    Aerosols optical depth
    at 5 wavelengths     		Hand-held photometer Jayaraman PRL Front side of B deck
    Hand-held radiometer Krishnamoorthy SPL Fore deck
    Aerosol optical depth SABL Heymsfield NCAR
    Marine aerosols CCN spectrometer Shaw U Alaska Dry lab, main deck
    Aerosols & gaseous
    optical depths    		 Multi-channel solar
    radiometers (MWR)    		 Krishnamoorthy SPL Front side of B deck
    Electrical conductivity
    and electric field     		Conductivity instrument
    A.C. Field Mill     		Kamra IITM Wet lab, portside
    Aerosol size distribution Electrical aerosol analyzer Kamra IITM Front side of B deck
    Aerosol chemistry 5-stage Berner Impactor Granat,
    Kulshrestha     		MISU, NPL Front side of B deck
    Aerosol sampler with
    low volume pump    		 Cachier,
    Kulshrestha    		 LSCE, NPL Front side of B deck
    Optical extinction
    coefficient     		Particle soot absorption
    rediometer (PSAP)     		Conant,
    Ramanathan     		C4 Dry lab, main deck
    Light scattering
    extinction coefficient     		Nephelometer Conant,
    Ramanathan     		C4 Dry lab, main deck

    RADIATION        

    Direct solar flux
    measurements at
    two spectral bands     		Pyrheliometer and
    Pyranometer     		Jayaraman PRL
    		Front side of B deck
    Hemispheric broadband
    fluxes     		PSP pyranometer
    (295 – 3700 nm)     		Meywerk C4  
      5-channel narrow-band
    UV/VIS radiometer     		Meywerk C4  
    512-channel narrow-band
    spectro-radiometer
    (350 – 1050 nm)    		 Meywerk C4  

    METEOROLOGICAL PARAMETERS

    Wind velocity, direction,
    humidity & temp.     		Propeller anemometer
    Plt. resistance temp.,
    Hmicap humidity sensor     		Sen Gupta,
    Prabhu, Raman    		 SPL, IISc,
    NCSU     		Boom from fore deck
    Meteorology obs. and
    ozone profile     		Radio & ozone sonde IMD IMD Back side of A deck
    Upper Air Meteorology Radiosondes Heymsfield NCAR Back side of A deck
    Clouds Wide-angle video camera Meywerk C4  
    Meteorological
    observations     		Automatic weather station Rao NIO Met. lab A deck
    Meteorological
    observations     		Wind, temperature,
    humidity, GPS     		Meywerk C4  

    OCEANIC PARAMETERS

    Temperature, currents,
    salinity profiles     		CTD, XBT, XCTD Rao, Bahulayan,
    Ramesh Babu     		NIO Main deck
    Sea Surface
    Temperatureand
    salinity     		Thermosalinograph Rao NIO  

    3.3 Ship Track and Schedule

    The cruise track of the ORV Sagar Kanya is shown in Figure 3-1. Schedule of FFP operations is summarized below in Table 3-2.

    TABLE 3-2: SCHEDULE OF THE 1998 FIRST PHASE (FFP) OF INDOEX

    Date Event
    01 January FFP special observations began at Mauritius and Réunion Island Stations.
    01-14 January Intercomparison of Indian equipment at SPL, Trivandrum.
    15 January INDOEX observatory set up on Kaashidhoo, Maldives.
    02 February Begining of operations and special forecast exercise in Malé.
    05 February Beginning of intensive vertical aerosol and water vapor profile measurements at Hulule (SABL).
    18 February ORV Sagar Kanya departed Goa, India.
    22 February ORV Sagar Kanya stopped off Trivandrum for intercomparison of Boundary Layer experiments.
    23 February ORV Sagar Kanya stopped off Minicoy for intercomparison of MWR.
    24 February ORV Sagar Kanya arrived in Malé. Installation of SABL on ORV Sagar Kanya.
    27 February ORV Sagar Kanya departed Malé for Kaashidhoo. Intercomparison of ship- surface
    experiments on 27-28 February.
    01 March ORV Sagar Kanya left Kaashidhoo around 830 hours, departed Malé in evening.
    12 March ORV Sagar Kanya arrived in Mauritius.
    16 March ORV Sagar Kanya departed Mauritius for return cruise to Goa, India.
    30 March ORV Sagar Kanya arrived in Goa, India. Data collection aboard ship ends.
    01 April End of FFP special observations at Mauritius and Réunion Island stations.
      End of FFP Operations and special forecast exercise.

    4.0 SURFACE MEASUREMENTS PROGRAM

    Intensified surface observations were undertaken from the following sites:

    • Indian Sub-continent: New Delhi (NPL); Mt. Abu (PRL); Pune (IITM); Trivandrum (SPL). These intensified observations included LIDARs, spectrophotometers, sampling of surface trace gases and aerosols and vertical profiling of water vapor and ozone. These stations are ideally positioned to sample aerosols at the source, as well as capturing the monsoonal flow. These stations were operated by Indian institutions.

    • Upper air observations four times per day with slow rising balloons from Bombay, Goa, Trivandrum and Minicoy.

    • Minicoy: Located just off the southern tip of India, this station was equipped with sun photometers and a multiwavelength radiometer. Intercomparison of equimpment conducted when ORV Sagar Kanya stopped nearby on 23 February 1998.

    • Balloon releases for wind and temperature profiles from Trivandrum coast with ORV Sagar Kanya stopped nearby on 22 February 1998.

    • Kaashidhoo/Hulule : The observations in the Maldives included sun photometers, broadband pyrheliometers, pyranometers, and spectral radiometers. Sampling of surface trace gases and aerosols (O3, CO, and SF6) and NCAR LIDAR observations were carried out during a special observing period between February 5 - 15. Sampling of surface air for analysis of CO, O3, SF6 and CFCs was continued beyond the FFP period.

    • Réunion: This site had LIDARs, sun photometers, and vertical ozonesondes.

    4.1 Ground-Based Measurements

    Table 4-1 summarizes the major surface measurement sites and types of measurements at each location. Measurements at Kaashidhoo, Republic of Maldives are listed in Table 4-2.

    TABLE 4-1: GROUND BASED MEASUREMENTS

    Mesurement

    Instrument

    Location(s)

    Institution

    		 Mesurement Frequency

    AEROSOL

    Vertical Profiles (Mixing region up to ~2 km)

    Lidar (Continuous wave) (514.5 nm)

    Trivandrum Pune

    SPL IITM

    1 profile/night 3 to 5 days a month 1 profile/night on all Wednesdays

    Vertical Profiles (up to stratosphere)

    Pulsed lidar ND: YAG (532 nm)

    Gadanki, Trivandrum, Mt. Abu

    SPL, NMRF, PRL

    1 profile/night on desired days

    Surface sampling, and size

    8-stage Anderson impactor

    Mumbai

    IIT

    As needed

    Mass size distribution

    14 stage Anderson Sampler

    Trivandrum

    SPL

    1 per month

    RADIATION

    Spectral Optical Depth (vertical column)

    10-channel multi- wavelength radiometer (MWR) (380, 400, 450, 500, 600, 650, 750, 935 & 1025 nm)

    Trivandrum, Minicoy, Mysore, Vizag, Jodhpur, Mauritius (Jointly)

     SPL

    On all clear days/clear periods of the days

     

     13-channel multi- wavelength radiometer (MWR) (selectable 250 - 1100 nm)

     Pune

     IITM

     On all clear days/clear periods of the days

    Global radiation (5 channels)

    BSI radiometer

    Ahmedabad

    C4/PRL

    25 Feb - 4 April

    Global & diffuse flux

    CIMEL Radiometer

    Trivandrum

    SPL

    regular

    Total incoming & outgoing radiation from ground to 30 km

    Radiometer sonde

    Delhi, Nagpur, Pune, Bhubneshwar, Trivandrum

    IMD

    regular

    CHEMISTRY AND TRACE GASES

    Surface O3, NOx, CO, CO2 and CH4

    GC, UV absorption, IR absorption, chemistry

    Mt. Abu, Minicoy

    PRL, NMRF

    regular

    Column content of trace species: NO2, OC10, H2O, O3, BrO

     UV--visible spectrometer

    Pune

    IITM

    regular

    Surface, CH4

    Gas & ion chromatographs

    Delhi

    NPL

    regular

    Surface O3

    Chemical

    Delhi, Pune, Kodaikanal, Srinagar,

    IMD

    regular
     

     

    Mt. Abu, Trivandrum

    PRL

     

    O3 profile

    Ozonesonde

    Delhi, Pune, Trivandrum

    IMD

    quasi-continuous year round

    O3 profile (Umkehr)

    Brewer spectrometer

    Delhi, Kodaikanal

    IMD

    quasi-continuous year round

    O3 content

    Dobson

    Delhi, Pune, Srinagar,Kodaikanal, Varanasi

    IMD

    quasi-continuous year round

    Table 4-2: MEASUREMENTS AT KAASHIDHOO (MALDIVES)

    Measurement

    Instrument

    Institution

    Measurement Frequency

    Global, direct, indirect radiation flux

    Kipp & Zonen Pyranometers, suntracker, Pyrheliometer

    C4

    continuous, year round

    Global, direct, indirect radiation flux

    5-channel, UV/VIS radiometer, BSI GTR-511

    C4

    continuous, year round

    Light scattering extinction coefficient

    Radiance Research M903 Nephelometer

    U Miami

    continuous, year round

    Optical extinction coefficient

    Radiance Research PSAP Aethelometer

    U Miami

    continuous, year round

    Surface CO

    API NDIR analyzer

    C4

    continuous, year round

    Surface SF6, CFCs

    HP GC/ECD

    C 4

    quasi-conti. year round

    Rain chemistry

    W.O. collector major ions

    MISU

    Rain event

    Bulk Aerosol Sampling

    Filter Impactor

    U Miami

    continuous, year round

    O3 Mixing Ratio

    O3 Analyzer

    U Maryland

    continuous

    CO2, CO, CH4, SF6, N2O, O isotopes

    Flask Sampler

    CMDL/NOAA

    weekly

    Direct, diffuse solar radiation

    MFRSR

    C4

    continuous

    Zenithal and almuncantar scans of direct and diffuse radiation

    CIMEL sun photometer

    GSFC/NASA

    hourly

    Precipitation, temp, humidity

    Meteorology Sensors

    C4

    continuous

    4.2 Indian Ocean Aerosols Program

    The objective of the above program coordinated by the University of Miami (J.M. Prospero, D.L. Savoie and H. Maring) was to develop a 2.5 year surface-based record of aerosol physical and chemical properties in the region of the INDOEX Intensive Field Phase. In order to obtain data that can be used for planning purposes for the Intensive Field Phase, a field station was established in January 1998 on the island of Kaashidhoo, the Maldives. Installation included a high-volume aerosol sampler modified with the insertion of 10 micron and 1 micron impactor stages; with these filter and impaction substrates aerosol composition will be measured in two particle-size ranges: 1 - 10 micron and less than 1 micron diameter. To minimize impacts from local sources, the sampler is controlled by a wind sensor system that activates the samples only when the winds blow from the open ocean at a velocity greater than or equal to 1 m/s.

    The operating parameters and the local meteorological conditions (wind direction and velocity, temperature and RH) are logged by a computer and become a part of the daily meteorological record for the site. The sampler collects continuous samples (when conditions are met); all samples are returned to Miami on a weekly basis for analysis. In Miami, both size fractions of the aerosol samples are analyzed for water-soluble Na+, Cl-, NO3-, SO4-, methanesulfonate, and NH4+. Weights after ashing at 500°C are measured in order to estimate the ambient concentrations of mineral dust.

    Also in January 1998 instruments were deployed that measure aerosol light-scatter and light-absorption properties. Continuous measurements were made of:

    1. Aerosol light scatter using integrating nephelometers (Radiance Research, Model M903) coupled with switchable 1 micron and 10 micron impactors so as to obtain data that is specific to the large particle and sub-micron size ranges. Measurements were made on air streams that are heated to reduce the relative humidity to less than 50%. The Nephelometer data will be related to the size-fractionated chemical composition to estimate the mass scattering efficiency of the individual aerosol species.

    2. Total aerosol absorption coefficient using an aerosol absorption photometer (Radiance Research Particle/Soot Absorption Photometer) operating in the green spectral range. The absorption photometer is controlled so that it only samples when winds blow from the sea. All aerosol data are logged on a computer at one-minute intervals. All chemical data and aerosol measurements are processed promptly so that the data can be used for planning of the INDOEX Intensive field phase. These measurements are planned to continue through the spring of 2000.

    5.0 UPPER AIR MEASUREMENTS PROGRAM

    5.1 Scientific Objectives

    1. To characterize the thermodynamic structure of the lower troposphere over the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean.
    2. To analyse energy budget at the Ocean surface and estimate different components in it.
    3. To estimate entrainment parameters at the top of the Marine Boundary Layer (MBL).
    4. To study the marine tropopause structure and implications for related exchange mechanisms.
    5. To estimate the clear sky radiation fluxes at the sea surface in the near infrared bands
    and compare with observed fluxes.
    6. To examine the dependence of aerosol column optical depths on the boundary layer relative humidity/column water vapor amount.
    7. To simulate the outgoing OLR in the window region (10 - 12 microns) and compare it with
    observed values by INSAT and AVHRR data using the water vapor distribution.
    8. To relate the observed cloud structure to the thermodynamics of the lower troposphere.
    9. To correlate ozone vertical variation with the thermodynamic structure of the marine environment.
    10. To test model parameterizations over the Indian Ocean domain and provide corrections for model plume trajectories during the operational phase.
     
    5.2 Other Objectives

    The data from the meteorological measurements collected during the FFP would be used to plan INDOEX aircraft and ship tracks during IFP scheduled for Jan.-Apr. 1999. The soundings would be of use in initializing and verifying numerical model studies and calibrating remote sensing measurement algorithms.

    5.3 Methodology

    1. Height of the MBL to be estimated from vertical profiles of wind, temperature, and humidity and analyzed as a function of surface fluxes, SST, distance from the ITCZ and the coastline.
    2. Temporal and spatial variation of winds, temperature, and humidity to be obtained using the soundings.
    3. The growth of MBL and the associated convection in the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean would be documented. Sample trajectories related to actual plumes to be obtained from four test boundary layer superpressurized (isopycnic) balloons released from Goa.
    4. Various components of the surface energy budget to be estimated using the surface turbulent heat flux, radiation and ocean-mixed layer measurements.
    5. Estimate the entrainment velocities using surface fluxes and associated convection with the scalar profiles. A more detailed estimate will be made using the aircraft measurements in the next phase.
    6. Provide vertical profiles of humidity and temperature
    7. Ozone sondes were released for the vertical ozone variation and the observations would be related to the boundary layer and the upper atmosphere thermodynamics.
    8. Cloud depths and extent would be determined from the profiles of humidity and temperature obtained from the CLASS. A log of the cloud types and their distribution was maintained.

    High-resolution soundings of the marine boundary layer are essential to determine the height of the boundary layer, the tropopause structure, and to estimate entrainment. Transition of the boundary layer from a region of no convection (northern Arabian Sea) to a region of shallow convection (southern Arabian Sea and northern Indian Ocean) and on to a region of deep convection (near the ITCZ) requires obtaining the soundings systematically along the proposed ship tracks. The soundings were taken in such way to investigate the existence of any diurnal variations. CLASS soundings will provide the required high vertical resolution (40m), particularly in the boundary layer. There is no climatology of detailed information made in this region. Observations of CLASS profiles were also made in conjunction with surface turbulent fluxes during the ORV Sagar Kanya cruise 120 (December 27, 1996 to January 30, 1997) by NCSU, SPL, and IISc. Additionally:

    i. Devdutta S. Niyogi and Sethu Raman (NCSU) are already developing a report of the soundings made during the pre-INDOEX cruise in January 1997.
    ii. A numerical modeling study is also underway at NCSU using profiles and satellite imagery in collaboration with U.C. Mohanty (IITD).
    iii. Additionally, K. SenGupta (SPL) is collaborating with NCSU to develop and test a refined algorithm for air-sea interaction fluxes and turbulence analysis for 1999. Observations made jointly by NCSU, SPL, and IISc during cruise 120 are being analyzed.
    iv. The ship instrumentation and measurement protocol is being validated by NCSU, SPL, and IISc (G.S. Bhat, S. Ammenullah, and A. Prabhu).
    v. A study of air-sea heat fluxes and water mass structure during cruise 120 is being carried out by NIO (V. Ramesh Babu, L.V.G. Rao and E.P.R. Rao).

    6.0 SATELLITE MEASUREMENT PROGRAM

    6.1 Specific Scientific Objectives

     1. Test satellite retrievals of optical depth along the ship track against shipboard measurements.
    2. Test satellite identification of low-altitude cloud systems against in-situ meteorological observations.
    3. Measure TOA cloud albedo and effective cloud-droplet radii for low-altitude cloud systems encountered along the cruise track.
    4. Quantify the indirect effect using ship-based microwave retrievals of column liquid water
    cloud droplet retrievals, and albedo data.
    5. Relate variations in aerosol properties measured from the ship to large-scale gradients in aerosol optical depth and distribution.
    6. Correlate surface radiation measurements with cloud type and cloud amount.

    6.2 Supporting Objective

    Calibrate narrow-band radiometers on operational geosynchronous weather satellites against broad-band satellite instruments in preparation for INDOEX IFP.

    6.3 Satellite Sensors and Measurements

    Table 6-1 lists satellite platforms and sensors providing useful information about radiation, aerosols and clouds over the INDOEX region during the FFP period.

    6.4 Field Operations

    Data from the NOAA polar orbiters were obtained through the NOAA Satellite Active Archive and/or UCAR. CERES data for the FFP period have been acquired by INDOEX PIs and are being analyzed. Estimates of column-integrated water vapor, liquid water, and precipitation derived from DMSP microwave instruments will be obtained retrospectively from NASA, and the National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, Colorado.

    Table 6-1: Satellite-Based Measurements During INDOEX 1998 FFP
    Satellite
    Platform

    Instrument

    		 Measurement Applications Data Availability
    FY-2
    (Geostationary)    		 Cloud Imager Visible, MIR and TIR Radiances Cloud & Surface Albedo, Cloud Top Temp., Mid-Troposph. WV
    CMVs, OLR    		 http://www.joss.ucar.edu/indoex/test/FY-2/
    INSAT
    (Geostationary)    		 VHRR Visible and TIR Radiances Cloud & Surface Albedo, Cloud Top Temp., OLR
    NOAA
    (Polar-
    Sun-Synchronous)    		 AVHRR Multichannel Visible & IR Radiances Cloud Characteristics, Aerosol Optical Depth, SST, Temp. & Moisture Profiles etc. http://www-c4.ucsd.edu:80/~cids/
    DMSP
    (Polar-
    Sun-Synchronous)    		 SSM/I/T2 Multichannel Microwave Radiances Column Liquid Water, WV and Precipitation Rates http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/dmsp.html
    TRMM
    (Low-inclination)    		 CERES Broadband Radiances TOA Energy Budget http://trmm.gsfc.nasa.gov/trmm_office
    VIRS Visible & IR Radiances Clouds & Aerosol
    TMI/PR Active & Passive
    Microwave Imaging    		 Tropical Rainfall,
    LQW & WV Content
    IRS-P3
    (Polar-
    Sun-Synchronous)    		 MOS Multichannel Visible & NIR Radiances Aerosol Characteristics

    7.0 TRAJECTORY MODELING PROGRAM AND OPERATIONS TEST

    A trajectory forecast exercise was undertaken during the ship cruise period of the 1998 campaign (18 February - 30 March) to test the trajectory forecast capabilities of different models ( FSU and ECMWF ) and their application to the planning of aircraft operations.

    Measurements obtained on board the ship and at INDOEX surface sites (Maldives, Mauritius) are planned to be used to verify model trajectories. Both models produced five-day forward trajectories from 6 - 10 points along the coast of India at around 4 levels (e.g., 950, 850, 500, 200 mb). Also, five day back trajectories were calculated from the ship location and the island sites once per day at 1200 UTC.

    8.0 DAILY SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS

    During the FFP, a large number of instruments were operated from different platforms as summarized earlier. This section provides a brief overview of the meteorological situation on a day-to-day basis using the cloud images from FY-2 and NOAA as well as the cloud pictures taken from Kaashidhoo and the ship – Sagar Kanya. Information about the back-trajectories calculated from the FSU model has also been used. To provide a glimpse of the meteorological situation over the Indian Ocean region of interest, a composite figure is generated for each day covering the period of the Sagar Kanya Cruise # 133 incorporating the following:

  • Sagar Kanya location (at 1200 local time) for the day.
  • Back-trajectory analyses at 850 & 950 mb from FSU model
  • Surface streamlines (u & v) and precipitation analyses & forecasts from FSU Model
  • Thermal IR band Cloud Image from FY-2
  • Thermal IR band Cloud image from NOAA-AVHRR
  • All-sky cloud images taken from Sagar Kanya
  • Zenith-view cloud picture from Kaashidhoo

    These daily summaries are grouped together weekwise and are presented below. Complete details of the data collected from different instruments are available at http://www-indoex.edu/

    INDOEX – FFP 1998: Daily Summary of Operations - ( Feb. 17-23,1998 )

    Feb. 17,1998 Day No. 48            Ship Location: Marmagoa Port, India

    At Kaashidhoo, all measurements relating to aerosol radiation, chemistry as well as trace gas sampling have begun. NOAA-AVHRR cloud image over the Arabian Sea indicates ITCZ activity as far as10 N. FY-2 Chinese geostationary satellite cloud image are not available. Kaashidhoo area is also under scattered small cumuli. In the Arabian Sea and near Kaashidhoo the boundary layer flow, as indicated by the FSU model back-trajectory analyses, is northerly. Sagar Kanya Cruise # 133 is ready to depart from Goa, India.

    Feb. 18,1998 Day No. 49            Ship Location: Marmagoa Port, India

    FY-2 and NOAA-AVHRR data show clear sky conditions north of 10 N. There is some strengthening of ITCZ south of equator. Kaashidhoo is near the northern boundary of ITCZ cloudiness and cloud pictures taken from Kaashidhoo show scanty clouds. The boundary later flow in this region is northerly, as indicated by the FSU model analyses. Sagar Kanya leaves Goa.

    Feb. 19,1998 Day No. 50            Ship Location: 13o49’N, 71o34’ E

    Similar meteorological situation persists. The ITCZ cloudiness now extends to the southern tip of India as seen from NOAA-AVHRR cloud images. FY-2 images are not available. Cloud pictures taken at 0900 UTC at Kaashidhoo indicate clear sky conditions. The boundary layer flow near Kaashidhoo is northerly. The FSU model analyses indicate development of convective activity east and north of Madagaskar. No satellite coverage of the area is available to confirm this.

    Feb. 20,1998 Day No. 51            Ship Location: 11o07’N, 71o38’E

    Sagar Kanya has now cleared the EEZ of India and is on its way to Malé. NOAA-AVHRR image indicates long linear NW-SE or NE-SW oriented cloud features in the region between 10 N and equator. FY-2 images are not available. Kaashidhoo cloud pictures show scattered clouds. Boundary layer flow near Kaashidhoo is indicated to be from north. According to the FSU model analyses, the convective activity east of Madagaskar has now intensified.

    Feb. 21,1998 Day No. 52            Ship Location: 09o13’N, 73o21’E

    NOAA-AVHRR cloud image from a pass now centered on the Bay of Bengal, show similar ITCZ activity. There are low level stratiform clouds over the head Bay of Bengal. Kaashidhoo cloud pictures show scattered cumulus clouds. The boundary layer flow in the region is now changing from northerly to northeasterly. ITCZ convection off Madagaskar continues to be strong. No FY-2 images are available.

    Feb. 22,1998 Day No. 53            Ship Location: 08o15’N, 75o59’E

    Sagar Kanya again enters the Indian EEZ for instrument intercomparison off Trivandrum. The NOAA-AVHRR pass has now shifted to the western Arabian Sea. ITCZ seems to be quite active in the belt between 10 S and 30 S. No FY-2 images are available. Near Kaashidhoo the sky is indicated to be clear. FSU analyses indicate new centers of convection near 70 E, 07 S. The convective activity east of Madagaskar shows further deepening.

    Feb. 23,1998 Day No. 54            Ship Location: 08o00’N, 74o00’E

    NOAA-AVHRR cloud image show distinct weakening of ITCZ activity north of equator. Low level clouds cover the northernmost regions of the Arabian Sea. Kaashidhoo remains in a region of clear sky. The boundary layer flow near Kaashidhoo is indicated to be close to easterly. FSU model analyses indicate continued development of convective activity near Madagaskar. ORV Sagar Kanya stops off Minicoy for MWR intercomparison.

    INDOEX – FFP 1998: Daily Summary of Operations - ( Feb. 24- Mar 02,1998 )

    Feb. 24,1998 Day No. 55            Ship Location: 04o42’N, 73o45’E

    Sagar Kanya has sails out of Indian EEZ towards Malé. NOAA-AVHRR cloud image shows that ITCZ activity is largely confined to south of Equator. A very E-W narrow band of low level cloudiness extends across the middle Arabian Sea. FY-2 data continue to be unavailable. At Kaashidhoo, the sky is clear and the boundary layer flow is indicated to be from the East. FSU model analyses indicate further deepening of the convective system off Madagaskar.

    Feb. 25,1998 Day No. 56            Ship Location: Malé Port, Republic of Maldives

    FY-2 images have become available. Both NOAA-AVHRR and FY-2 cloud images indicate some northward movement of ITCZ in the Arabian Sea sector. Kaashidhoo cloud pictures taken at 0730 show overcast sky. However, NOAA-AVHRR image taken 2 hrs 30 min later shows the region to be cloud free. The FSU analyses indicate boundary layer flow in this region to be from NE. The analyses also indicate fresh development of strong convection near 05 S between 70-80 E.

    Feb. 26,1998 Day No. 57            Ship Location: Malé Port, Republic of Maldives

    Conditions similar to the earlier day persisted. NOAA-AVHRR and FY-2 cloud images are available. Kaashidhoo cloud picture shows clear sky. FSU model results show boundary layer flow to be from the East.

    Feb. 27,1998 Day No. 58            Ship Location: 04o40’N, 73o37’E

    FY-2 and NOAA-AVHRR cloud images show clear weakening of the ITCZ activity south of equator. Northern regions of Arabian Sea are under cloudiness associated with a strong western disturbance over the Indian region. FSU analyses indicate strong region of convection centered at 60 E, 05 N. Cloud picture from Kaashidhoo shows scattered clouds.

    Feb. 28,1998 Day No. 59            Ship Location: 04o58’N, 73o24’E

    The cloud images from FY-2 and NOAA-AVHRR show that, except for a narrow E-W band of cloudiness near 08N, most of the ITCZ was concentrated in the region south of equator. The entire region of Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal was cloud free. Both the cloud photograph from Kaashidhoo and the All-Sky camera photograph from the ship show clouds associated with this cloud band. The western disturbance over northern regions of Indian landmass has further intensified and moved southwards. Peninsular India is also under some scattered cloudiness. FSU model analyses show the boundary layer flow near Kaashidhoo to be northeasterly. Centers of convective activity are indicated at locations (70E, 10S), (90E, 07S) and (60-70E, 27S).

    Mar. 01,1998 Day No. 60            Ship Location: 04o33’N, 73o42’E

    Fy-2 images were not available. Afternoon NOAA-AVHRR image shows strengthening of the ITCZ in the Indian sector and a slight northward intrusion of convective activity. Kaashidhoo and Shipbased photographs show mostly clear sky. Boundary layer flow is largely from NE. Model analysis also indicates strong convective activity near (70-90E, 00-10S) with precipitation values reaching as high as 60 mm/d. Another center of convection is indicated at (52E, 05S).

    Mar. 02,1998 Day No. 61            Ship Location: 01o14’N, 74o00’E

    The northward excursion of ITCZ continued and the convective cloudiness extended almost to 10N. The model analyses indicate the boundary layer flow to be northerly at the Ship Location. ITCZ clouds were seen in the all-sky photograph taken from the ship. Entire Arabian Sea and southern Bay of Bengal remained free of clouds. The boundary layer flow is from NE.

    INDOEX – FFP 1998: Daily Summary of Operations - ( Mar. 03-09,1998 )

    Mar. 03,1998 Day No. 62            Ship Location: 01o29’S, 72o48’E

    Major convective activity region in the ITCZ moved eastwards. However, another cloud band oriented SW-NE brought clouds over the Ship Location and over Kaashidhoo site. Kaashidhoo cloud image showed overcast sky. Boundary layer flow over the region is from NE.

    Mar. 04,1998 Day No. 63            Ship Location: 03o31’S, 71o11’E

    Cloud images from FY-2 and NOAA-AVHRR show southeastward movement of convective cloudiness associated with ITCZ. A new region of strong convective activity developed near (50-65E, 10S). The narrow cloudband near the equator too moved eastward bringing clear sky over Kaashidhoo and the Ship Location. The boundary layer flow continues to be from NE. Kaashidhoo and the Ship Location remained in largely cloud free region.

    Mar. 05,1998 Day No. 64            Ship Location: 05o51’S, 69o20’E

    FY-2 data are not available. The NOAA-AVHRR afternoon pass over the Arabian Sea indicates two regions of strong convective activity near (62E,12S) and (72E,09S). Both these regions intensified over the last 24 hours and model analyses associate a precipitation intensity reaching ~50 mm/d. The boundary layer flow is from NE. Both the shipbased camera and cloud images from Kaashidhoo indicate patchy clouds.

    Mar. 06,1998 Day No. 65            Ship Location: 07o57’S, 67o32’E

    FY-2 and NOAA-AVHRR cloud images show some weakening of the ITCZ activity in the Indian region. The ship and Kaashidhoo are under the outer periphery of weak convective regions near the northern boundary of the ITCZ. At the Ship Location the boundary layer flow is predominantly from N.

    Mar. 07, 1998 Day No. 66            Ship Location: 09o25’S, 66o21’E

    The satellite images show further weakening of ITCZ in the Indian Ocean Sector and there are no areas of strong convection. Both the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal are cloud free. Sagar Kanya is located in the area of patchy clouds associated with extratropical cloud band. Cloud images and photographs from Kaashidhoo show marginal cloud cover. The model analyses indicate boundary layer flow from N or NW.

    Mar. 08, 1998 Day No. 67            Ship Location: 11o01’S, 64o58’E

    The cloudiness associated with the extratropical band has moved eastwards and the Sagar Kanya is now located near its edge. No new regions of strong convection are developing. Kaashidhoo is now under clear sky. At the Ship Location near 10 S, the boundary layer flow is indicated to be from NW.

    Mar. 09, 1998 Day No. 68            Ship Location: 13o02’S, 63o25’E

    The FY-2 and NOAA-AVHRR images show further eastward movement of the cloudiness associated with the extratropical band. New convective cloud region is seen to develop near 88E, 15S. Sagar Kanya and Kaashidhoo are in a region of small scattered cumuli in a largely cloud free area. Boundary layer flow near the Ship Location is indicated to be from the west. However, near Kaashidhoo, the flow is mainly from the NNE.

    INDOEX – FFP 1998: Daily Summary of Operations - ( Mar. 10-16,1998 )

    Mar. 10, 1998 Day No. 69            Ship Location: 15o04’S, 61o51’E

    The convective activity is now more organized with the center located near 84E, 12S. There is hardly any cloudiness associated with ITCZ north of equator and Kaashidhoo site is free of clouds. The Sagar Kanya is located near the boundary of ITCZ and is under patchy clouds. Most of the oceanic areas north of equator in the INDOEX region of interest remain cloud free, except for a thin EW oriented cloud band in the Bay of Bengal. The FSU back-trajectory analyses indicate the boundary layer flow to be westerly.

    Mar. 11, 1998 Day No. 70            Ship Location: 17o52’S, 59o44’E

    The mesoscale convective system located at 83E, 14S has further intensified and is seen as a compact cyclonic circulation in NOAA-AVHRR and FY-2 cloud images. The ITCZ activity is mostly confined to southern hemisphere. Sagar Kanya is in the ITCZ and the boundary layer flow has changed from westerly to easterly at this location. All-Sky Camera images from Sagar Kanya show small patches of convective clouds. Kaashidhoo remains in a cloud free area.

    Mar.12, 1998 Day No. 71            Ship Location: Port Louis, Mauritius

    The FY-2 cloud image shows some weakening of the convective system. Most of the ITCZ activity is confined to south of equator. The Sagar Kanya has now entered the EEZ of Mauritius and data are not available. Kaashidhoo continues to be in a clod free region. The FSU analyses indicate the boundary layer flow to be easterly or south-easterly.

    Mar. 13, 1998 Day No. 72            Ship Location: Port Louis, Mauritius

    The FY-2 and NOAA-AVHRR images indicate some northward movement of ITCZ in the Bay of Bengal region. The remnant of the convective activity associated with the extratropical band is now located near 65E, 10S in an area northwest of Sagar Kanya. Sagar Kanya continues to be in the EEZ of Mauritius and no data is available. No cloud photographs are available from Kaashidhoo.

    Mar. 14, 1998 Day No. 73            Ship Location: Port Louis, Mauritius

    ITCZ in the Indian Ocean region has become more active and the convective cloudiness has advanced northwards in the 80-100E sector. A cloudband has formed in the Bay of Bengal. Arabian Sea has remained mostly cloud free. Sagar Kanya is in the Mauritius EEZ and no data are available. The boundary layer flow near the Réunion Is from the east. No cloud pictures are available from Kaashidhoo.

    Mar. 15, 1998 Day No. 74            Ship Location: Port Louis, Mauritius

    ITCZ remains active and the Bay of Bengal cloudband has weakened. Sagar Kanya is in the Mauritian EEZ and no data are available from ship. Kaashidhoo cloud image shows clear sky. Boundary layer flow is NNE at Kaashidhoo and SSE at Réunion.

    Mar. 16, 1998 Day No. 75            Ship Location: 18o26’S, 59o15’E

    As seen in the cloud images from FY-2 and NOAA-AVHRR, most of the ITZ activity is confined to southern hemisphere between 05 S and 25 S. There were two convective systems at 62 E, 07 S and 80 E, 25 S. The Arabian Sea and the bay of Bengal were largely free of convective cloudiness. Low clouds were present over the southern portion of the Arabian Sea. FY-2 and NOAA-AVHRR images indicate development of cirrus cloud plumes over the Indian landmass. The Indian landmass is covered by the NE-SW oriented cirrus outflow. Sagar Kanya is within the ITCZ close to the convective activity associated with tropical storm Fiona. The all-sky camera cloud picture shows almost overcast sky. Kaashidhoo is cloud free. The flow at Kaashidhoo is from NE and at the Ship Location it is from SE.

    INDOEX – FFP 1998: Daily Summary of Operations - ( Mar. 17-23,1998 )

    Mar. 17, 1998 Day No. 76            Ship Location: 16o02’s, 60o59’E

    ITCZ activity in the Indian region is scattered. The cirrus band over the Indian landmass has intensified and moved eastward, covering part of Bay of Bengal. There are large cold air intrusions over northern India from N and NW. Off Mauritius, some convective activity has developed. The storm Fiona weakened somewhat. The all-sky camera picture from the ship shows clouds over the region. Region of Kaashidhoo is free of convective cloudiness.

    Mar. 18, 1998 Day No. 77            Ship Location: 13o30’S, 62o16’E

    The convective activity east of Mauritius has organized into a cyclonic system. The cirrus flow band has moved further east over the Bay of Bengal. A large western disturbance has entered over northwest India. The southern Arabian Sea and the Kaashidhoo site is cloud free however. All-sky camera picture from the ship shows cumulus clouds. The boundary layer flow regime at the location of Sagar Kanya is under the influence of the convective activity associated with tropical storm Fiona.

    Mar. 19, 1998 Day No. 78            Ship Location: 10o55’S, 63o33’E

    ITCZ shows some northward advance. There are a large number of mesoscale centers of convection in the ITCZ in the Indian region. FY-2 image shows that the tropical storm Fiona has moved west and further weakened and lay centered at 50 E, 05 S. The large cirrus flow band now extends from equator to beyond 40 N across the Bay of Bengal. Arabian Sea was mainly cloud free. Scattered cumulus and cirrus clouds were observed at the Ship Location. Kaashidhoo cloud image shows patches of cumulus and cirrus clouds. The boundary layer flow near the Ship Location is from north. At Kaashidhoo the flow is from NE.

    Mar. 20, 1998 Day No. 79            Ship Location: 08o26’S, 64o48’E

    FY-2 and NOAA-AVHRR cloud images show that the convective activity located at 60 E, 07 S intensified and produced strong rainfall. The Sagar Kanya is now under the ITCZ cloudiness and the observations indicate the presence of clouds at multiple levels including cirrus. The cirrus outflow band has streched further. Kaashidhoo still remains in a predominantly cloud free area.

    Mar. 21, 1998 Day No. 80            Ship Location: 05o48’S, 66o07’E

    FY-2 data is corrupted with large amount of dropouts in the tropical region of interest. The NOAA-AVHRR cloud image clearly shows a further northward movement of ITCZ. The Sagar Kanya is under convective region and observations indicate raining cumulo-nimbus clouds alongwith broken high clouds. The all-sky camera picture shows overcast sky. Kaashidhoo cloud photograph shows clear sky. The FSU model analyses indicate the flow at Kaashidhoo to be clearly from the NE.

    Mar. 22, 1998 Day No. 81            Ship Location: 03o04’S, 67o30’E

    ITCZ has shown further advance over the Arabian Sea and low convective clouds now reached as far as 10 N. The cirrus cloud band has moved further east. Sagar Kanya again experienced raining cumulo-nimbus clouds within the ITCZ. Kaashidhoo is also near the northern boundary of ITCZ. The all-sky cloud image from the ship shows overcast sky. No cloud pictures are available from Kaashidhoo. FY-2 images show a nearly cloud free Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal. The Model analyses indicate the boundary layer flow at Kaashidhoo is from N.

    Mar. 23, 1998 Day No. 82            Ship Location: 00o17’S, 68o51’E

    The NOAA-AVHRR and FY-2 images show weakening of the ITCZ in the northern portions. FY-2 images continue to be affected by dropouts. There is strong thunderstorm activity over the East Coast of India. Arabian Sea is mostly cloud free. The Sagar Kanya is now located just outside the ITCZ convective regions and observations indicate small amount of cloudiness. No cloud pictures are available from Kaashidhoo. The boundary layer flow is predominantly northerly.

    INDOEX – FFP 1998: Daily Summary of Operations - ( Mar. 24-30,1998 )

    Mar. 24, 1998 Day No. 83            Ship Location: 02o29’N, 69o00’E

    There is further weakening of ITCZ activity in the Arabian Sea sector. Sagar Kanya is located in a region of sparse cumulus. The boundary layer flow has again turned northeasterly. No cloud pictures are available from all-sky camera and from Kaashidhoo. However, the satellite images show the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal to be cloud free.

    Mar. 25, 1998 Day No. 84            Ship Location: 05o19’N, 69o00’E

    ITCZ shows very weak convective activity over the equator in the Arabian Sea sector. Sagar Kanya has just moved out of the ITCZ and the observations indicate largely clear skies. The entire Arabian Sea remains a cloud free area. The thunderstorm activity near the north Bay of Bengal has intensified. The flow over the region of Sagar Kanya and Kaashidhoo is northeasterly.

    Mar. 26, 1998 Day No. 85            Ship Location: 08o30’N, 69o00’E

    Sagar Kanya is at the northern boundary of ITCZ and experienced sparse cumuli. Conditions were similar at Kaashidhoo. The FSU model analyses indicate the flow to be northerly.

    Mar. 27, 1998 Day No. 86            Ship Location: 11o22’N, 68o15’E

    Situation similar to Mar. 26th persisted. During later part of the day, sky was cloud free at the location of the ship. The boundary layer flow was indicated to be from the north.

    Mar. 28, 1998 Day No. 87            Ship Location: 14o15’N, 68o33’E

    FY-2 and NOAA-AVHRR images clearly show further northward movement of ITCZ. The convective clouds associated with ITCZ have reached the southern tip of India. Kaashidhoo is also under ITCZ. At the Sagar Kanya location, the sky is cloud free, as shown by the all-sky cloud image. The boundary layer flow at the Ship Location is indicated to be from NNW.

    Mar. 29, 1998 Day No. 88            Ship Location: 15o25’N, 71o23’E

    ITCZ shows continued activity over Kaashidhoo site. Fy-2 and NOAA-AVHRR cloud images show a marked development of a low-pressure system over the head Bay of Bengal. No cloud images are available from the ship. Kaashidhoo cloud picture indicates scanty cloud cover. The flow at Kaashidhoo site is from NE.

    Mar. 30, 1998 Day No. 89            Ship Location: Marmugoa Port, India

    Cloud images from FY-2 and NOAA-AVHRR show further advance of ITCZ in the Arabian Sea sector. Regions of strong convective cloudiness have developed just south of the equator in the 60-80 E longitude. The Sagar Kanya has now entered the Indian EEZ and no data from the ship are available. No cloud pictures are available from Kaashidhoo also. At Kaashidhoo the FSU analyses indicate the boundary layer flow to be from NE.

    Appendix A: ORV Sagar Kanya Ship Location

    Appendix B: ORV Sagar Kanya Specifications

    Name: ORVSagar Kanya (India)
    US NODC Code: 41SG, Classification Society: LLOYD'S REGISTER OF SHIP

    Design: RF Reedereigemeinschaft, Draft: Forchungsschiffahrt GmbH, Bremen
    Construction: Schlichting-Werft, Travemünde

    Contact:Director, Antarctic Study Centre, Dept. of Ocean Development (DOD), Govt. of India
    Vasco-daGama, Goa, 403 802, INDIA, Tel: 91-0834-512317 Fax: 91-0834-511443

    Main vessel activity: Oceanography        Year built: 1983
    Ocean area where vessel operates: Indian Ocean

    Displacement: 4200 tons Crew: 60 Launched: 1983
    Scientists: 31 Max. Speed: 14.5 knots Range: 8700 n mi
    Length (m): 100.34 Range (n. mi.): 9999 Crew: 42
    Beam (m): 16.39 Endurance (days): 45 Officers: 18
    Draft (m): 5.60 Cruise speed (kt): 12.0 Scientists: 31
    Gross Tons: 4209 Max. speed (kt): 14.2 Air Conditioned: yes
    Power (HP): 4825 Aux. Power (HP):  
    Dry cargo holds: 450 m3 Wet laboratories (total area): 80 m2
    Dry laboratories (total area): 290 m2 Fresh water generator capacity: 40 m3
    Freeboard to working deck: 9.8 m Free working deck area: 470 m2
    Space for container laboratory: 2 m x 6 m   
    
Design Particulars :
Hull material: Steel		Energy sources: none	Main engine(s): 5
Make: Diesel El Model		Power (BHP) each main engine: 4825 at 750 rpm
Propeller Diameter: 2.750 m	Max propeller rpm: 220 
Total power auxiliary diesels: 0HP

Electrical systems:
AC Voltage: 660/400 V	total 630 kVA	3 phase 50 Hz
AC Voltage: 0/400 V	total 400 kVA	3 phase50 Hz
DC Voltage: 0V		total 0V
Stabilized system for scientific equipment: 230 VAC	160 AMP 	50 Hz
Fixed equipment (navigation and communication):
Nav. equip: Radar Decca SatNav Gyro EMLog DopLog
Comms: Fax SatCom	Comm sat: none 	GPS: none
Acoustic Echosounders for scientific research:	12 kHz	30 kHz
Sonar:Geological

Provisions for silent ship operation:
Steel wire length: 9999 m		Safe working load 	2 tons
Conducting cable length:6000 m		Safe working load	2 tons
Trawl winch length: 9999 m		Safe working load	18 tons
Other: PVC Coated Wirelength:6000 m	Safe working load	2 tons
Gantry Position: Stern, Amidships	Clearance above deck: 9m
Outboard extension: 3 m			Safe working load at max. reach: 22 tons
Crane Position: stern, Amidships	Clearance above deck: 12 m
Outboard extension: 9 m			Safe working load at max. reach: 22 tons
Other winches for instruments or sampling: Side Scan Sonar	Magneto-meter	Under Water
Electronic data processing equipment permanently available on board: 
Computer: HP 1000 2117F: IBM PC/AT

    Appendix C: Kaashidhoo Climate Observatory

    One of the highlights of the INDOEX FFP was the establishment of the Kaashidhoo Climate Observatory (KCO). Located on Kaashidhoo Island in the Republic of Maldives at 73.466° E, 4.965 °N, the site is ideal for measurements of both pristine air from the southern Indian Ocean and continental air flowing from the Indian subcontinent. It also provides a unique situation to study the role of aerosols in modifying cloud properties (the indirect radiative forcing term due to aerosols). After a year-long planning and construction phase, the measurements at KCO began on 11 February 1998. Most of the instruments are mounted on top of a 13.5 m tall tower, including the sampling intakes for aerosol and trace gas measurements; aerosol and gas analyzers are located inside the observatory building. The observatory is equipped with all necessary computers and peripherals including a teleTel and network connection. The observatory was formally inaugurated by the President of the Republic of Maldives on Feb. 24, 1998. The entire project at Kaashidhoo was undertaken in collaboration with the Govt. of the Republic of Maldives, the Ministry of Planning, Human Resources and Environment (MPHRE). The observatory provided excellent measurement support during the FFP and most measurements are continued on a long-term basis. Besides the present suite of measurements, additional instruments will be added before the 1999 IFP (January -April 1999). More information about KCO is available at http://www-indoex.ucsd.edu/observatory/.


    KCO facilities     		       
    KCO data sectors: a)clear zones; b) and c) zones under effects of nearby islands, and d) exclusion zone due to local pollution.

    INDOEX Kaashidhoo Climate Observatory - Top View of Building

    INDOEX Kaashidhoo Climate Observatory - Top View of Tower

     Appendix D: List of Participants in INDOEX First Field Phase 1998 
    
ACHARYA, Y.B.
Physical Research Laboratory
P.O. Box No. 4218
Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380 009 INDIA
email: yacharya@prl.ernet.in
 
BABU, M.T.
National Institute of Oceanography
H.O. Dona Paula
Goa 403 044 INDIA 
email: mtbabu@csnio.ren.nic.in
 
BAHULAYAN, N.
National Institute of Oceanography
H.O. Dona Paula
Goa 403 044 INDIA 
Fax: 91 832 223 340
email: babu@csnio.ren.nic.in

BHATT, G.S.
Centre for Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences
Indian Institute of Science
Banglore 560 012 INDIA
Tel: 091-080-3340450
Fax: 091-080-3341683
email: bhat@cas.iisc.ernet.in
 
BHATIA, R.C. 
Indian Meteorological Department
Lodi Road, New Delhi 110 003 INDIA
 
BLAKE, DONALD R.
Department of Chemistry
University of California, Irvine 
Irvine, CA 92697 USA
Tel: (949) 824-4195
email: dblake@orion.oac.uci.edu
 
CACHIER, HELEN 
Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat 
et de l’Environnement/CFR 
Laboratoire Mixte CEA-CNRS
Domaine du CNRS, Bat 12
Ave de la Terrasse
91 198-Gif sur Yvette Cedex FRANCE
Tel (33) 1 69 82 35 48
Fax (33) 1 69 82 35 68
email:Helene.Cachier@lsce.cnrs-gif.fr

CANTRELL, WILL
Geophysical Institute
903 North Koyukuk Drive
University of Alaska
Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-7320 USA
Tel: (907) 474-5606
Fax: (907) 474-7290
email: ftwhc@aurora.alaska.edu
 
CONANT, WILLIAM
Center for Atmospheric Sciences
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD
9500 Gilman Drive #0221
La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
Tel: 619-534-1119
Fax: 619-534-7452
email: wconant@ucsd.edu
 
DESA, EHRLICH
National Institute of Oceanography
H.O. Dona Paula
Goa 403 044 INDIA
 
DICKERSON, RUSSELL R.
Department of Meteorology 
The University of Maryland
College Park, MD 20742 USA
Tel: (301) 405-5364
Fax: (301) 314-9482; zd
Email: russ@atmos.umd.edu

DODDRIDGE, BRUCE G.
Department of Meteorology
University of Maryland
College Park, MD 20742 USA
Tel: 301-405-7628
Fax: 301-314-9482 (FAX) 
email: bruce@atmos.umd.edu

GEORGE, M.D.
National Institute of Oceanography
H.O. Dona Paula
Goa 403 044 INDIA
Tel: 091-0832-226253 – 56
Fax: 091-0832-221340
email: george@csnio.ren.nic.in

GRANAT, LENNART 
Department of Meteorology
Stockholm University 10691 
Stockholm, SWEDEN
Tel: 46-8-164348
Fax: 46-8-159295
email: lennart@misu.su.se

GUPTA, PRABHAT 
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110 012 INDIA
Tel: 091-011-5787162
Fax: 091-011-5752678, 5764189
 
HEYMSFIELD, ANDREW
Mesoscale and Microscale 
Meteorology (MMM)
National Center for Atmospheric 
Research (NCAR)
3450 Mitchell Lane 
Boulder, Colorado 80302 USA
Tel: (303) 497-8943
Fax: (303) 497-8171
Email: heyms1@ncar.ucar.edu

HOLBEN, BRENT
NASA - Goddard Space Flight Center
Code 923
Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA
Tel: 301 286 2975
Fax: (301) 286-1757
email: brent@spamer.gsfc.nasa.gov

IZAGUIRRE, MIGUEL ANGEL
University of Miami
Rosenstiel School of Marine and 
Atmospheric Science
4600 Rickenbacker Causeway
Key Biscayne FL 33149 USA
Tel: 305-361-4695 
Fax: 305-361-4891 (4126)
email: mizaguirre@rsmas.miami.edu

JAYARAMAN, A.
Planetary Atmospheric Sciences Division 
Physical Research Laboratory
P.O. Box No. 4218
Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380 009
INDIA
Tel: 091-79-462 129
Fax: 091-79-656 0502
email jraman@prl.ernet.in
 
JAYAKUMAR, AMAL
National Institute of Oceanography
H.O. Dona Paula
Goa 403 044 INDIA
Tel: 091-0832-226253 – 56
Fax: 091-0832-221340
email: amal@csnio.ren.nic.in
 
JHA, BHASKAR
411 Love Building, MC 4520
Department of Meteorology 
Florida State University 
Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA
Tel: (850) 644-2732
Fax: (850) 644-9642
email: bhaskar@citm1.met.fsu.edu
 
KAMRA, A.K. 
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
Dr. Homi Bhabha Road
Pune 411 008 INDIA
 
KLEY, DIETER
Institut fuer Chemie der Belasteten 
Atmosphaere
Department fuer Chemie und Dynamik 
der Geosphaere
Forschungszentrum Juelich
D-52425 Juelich GERMANY
Tel: 49 2461 61 37 40 
Fax: 49 2461 61 53 46
email: d.kley@fz-juelich.de
 
KRISHNAMOORTHY, K.
Space Physics Laboratory
Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
Trivandrum 695-002 INDIA
Tel: 091-0471-462404, 463105
Fax: 091-0471-461313
 
KRISHNAMURTI, T.N.
423 Love Building, MC 4520
Department of Meteorology 
Florida State University 
Tallahassee, FL 32306 USA
Tel: (850) 644-2210
Fax: (850) 644-9642
email: tnk@met.fsu.edu
 
KULSHRESTHA, UMESHA
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110 012 INDIA
Tel: 091-011-5787162
Fax: 091-011-5752678, 5764189
 
LAL, SHYAM
Physical Research Laboartory
Navarangpura
Ahmedabad 380 009 INDIA
Tel: 091-79-462129
Fax: 091-79-6560502
email: shyam@prl.ernet.in
 
LEE, CHARLES
Chemistry and Biochemistry Dept.
University of California, San Diego
La Jolla, CA 92093-0356 USA
Tel: (619) 534-6053
Fax: (619) 822-0389
email: c7lee@chem@ucsd.edu
 
LUBIN, DAN
Center for Clouds, Chemistry and Climate
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD
9500 Gilman Drive #0221
La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
Tel: 619-534-6369
Fax: 619-534-7452
email: dlubin@ucsd.edu
 
MANGHANANI, VIJAY KUMAR
Department of Marine, Earth, and 
Atmospheric Sciences
College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
Box 8208
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, NC 27695-8208 USA
 
MANDAL, TUHIN
National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110 012 INDIA
 
MARING, HAL
Marine and Atmospheric Chemistry
University of Miami
4600 Rickenbacker Causeway
Key Biscayne FL 33149 USA
Tel: (305) 361-4679
Fax: (305) 361-4891 
email: hmaring@rsmas.miami.edu
 
MEYWERK, JENS
Center for Clouds, Chemistry & Climate
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD
9500 Gilman Drive #0239
La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
Tel: 619-822-2592
Fax: 619-534-4922
email: jens@fiji.ucsd.edu
 
MINISTRY OF PLANNING,
 HUMANRESOURCES AND
 ENVIRONMENT
Ghaazee Building
Malé 20-05
Republic of Maldives

MITRA, A.P.
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110 012 INDIA
Tel: 91-011-5745298
Fax: 91-011-5752678, 5764189
email: apmitra@doe.ernet.in


    
MURUGAVEL, P.
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
Dr. Homi Bhabha Road
Pune 411 008 INDIA
 
NAJA, MANISH
Physical Research Laboratory
P.O. Box No. 4218
Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380 009 INDIA
 
NAQVI, S.W.A.
National Institute of Oceanography
H.O. Dona Paula
Goa 403 044 INDIA
Tel: 091-832-221322, 226253
Fax: 091-832-223340
email: naqvi@csnio.ren.nic.in

NEWCOMB, WAYNE
NASA - Goddard Space Flight Center
Code 923
Greenbelt, MD 20771 - USA
Fax: (301) 286-1757
email: wayne@spamer.gsfc.nasa.gov

NGUYEN, HUNG V.
Center for Clouds, Chemistry and Climate
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD
8603 La Jolla Shores Drive, DSDP Building A, #21
La Jolla, CA 92037-0239 USA
Tel: 619-534-1040
Fax: 619-534-4922
email: hnguyen@ucsd.edu
 
PANDEY, P.C. 
Antarctic Study Centre, Vasco-da-Gama
Goa – 403 802 INDIA
Tel : 091-0834-512317
Fax : 091-0834-511443
 
PARAMESHWARA, VINAYAK
Department of Marine, Earth, and 
Atmospheric Sciences
College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
Box 8208
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, NC 27695-8208 USA
 
PARASHAR, D.C.
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110012 INDIA
Tel: 091-11-5787162
Fax: 091-11-5752678, 5764189

 
POLAILLON, NICOLAS
National Center for Atmospheric Research
and L’Ecole Polytechnique
c/o Dr. Andrew Heymsfield
Mesoscale and Microscale 
Meteorology (MMM)
National Center for Atmospheric 
Research (NCAR)
3450 Mitchell Lane 
Boulder, Colorado 80302 USA
 
PRABHU, A.
Indian Institute of Science
Banglore 560 012 INDIA
 
PROSPERO, JOSEPH M.
Cooperative Inst. Marine & 
Atmospheric Studies (CIMAS)
Rosenstiel School of Marine and 
Atmospheric Science
University of Miami
4600 Rickenbacker Causeway
Miami, Florida 33149 USA
Tel: 305-361-4789
Fax: 305-361-4891
email: jprosper@rsmas.miami.edu
 
RAJU, J.V.S.
Indian Institute of Science
Banglore 560 012 INDIA
 
RAMAN, SETHU
Department of Marine, Earth, and 
Atmospheric Sciences
College of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
Box 8208
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, NC 27695-8208 USA
Tel: (919) 515-1440
Fax: (919) 515-7802
email: sethu_raman@ncsu.edu
 
RAMANA, V.
Space Physics Laboratory
Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
Trivandrum 695-002 INDIA

RAMANATHAN, V.
Center for Atmospheric Sciences
Center for Clouds, Chemistry and Climate
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD
8605 La Jolla Shores Dr., Rm. 330
La Jolla, CA 92037
Tel: (619) 534-8815
Fax: (619) 534-7452

email: vramanathan@ucsd.edu
 
RAMESH BABU, V.
National Institute of Oceanography
H.O. Dona Paula, Goa 403 044 INDIA
Tel: 91 832 226 253 - 56
Fax: 91 832 223 340
email: rbabu@csnio.ren.nic.in
 
RAO, L.V.G.
Institute of Oceanography
H.O. Dona Paula, Goa 403 044 INDIA
Tel: 091-0832-226253 – 56
Fax: 91 832-221 340
email: lvgrao@csnio.ren.nic.in
 
ROWLAND, F. SHERWOOD
Department of Chemistry
University of California
Irvine, California, 92697-2025
Tel: (949) 824-6016
email: rowland@uci.edu

 
RUSSEL, D.G.
Indian Meteorological Department
Lodi Road, New Delhi 110 003 INDIA

 
SAHA, A.
Space Physics Laboratory
Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
Trivandrum 695-002 INDIA

SATHEESH, S.K.
Center for Clouds, Chemistry and Climate
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD
9500 Gilman Drive #0221
La Jolla, CA 92093 USA
Tel: 619-822-1356
Fax: 619-534-4922
email: satheesh@fiji.ucsd.edu
 
SAVOIE, DENNIS L.
Rosenstiel School of Marine and 
Atmospheric Science 
Marine and Atmospheric Chemistry 
University of Miami
00 Rickenbacker Causeway 
FL 33149 USA
Tel: (305) 361-4712
email: dsavoie@rsmas.miami.edu

SEN GUPTA, K.
Space Physical Laboratory
Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre
Trivandrum 695 002 INDIA
Tel: 091-0471-462404, 463105
Fax: 091-0471-461313
 

SHARDA
CSIR Centre for Mathematical Modeling
& Computer Simulation (C-MMACS)
NAL Belur Campus, Banglore 560037 INDIA
Tel: 091-080-5274667, 5274649
Fax: 091-080-5260392
 
SHAIKKOYA, K.
Indian Meteorological Department
Lodi Road, New Delhi 110 003 INDIA
 
SHARMA, M.S.S.
National Institute of Oceanography
H.O. Dona Paula, Goa 403 044 INDIA
 
SHARMA, R.N.
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110 012 INDIA
Tel: 091-011-5787162
Fax: 091-011-5752678, 5764189
 
SHAW, GLENN
Geophysical Institute, 903 North Koyukuk Drive
University of Alaska
Fairbanks, Alaska 99775-7320 USA
Tel: (907) 474-7625 
Fax: (907) 474-7290
email: shaw@gi.alaska.edu
 
SHENOY, D.M.
National Institute of Oceanography
H.O. Dona Paula, Goa 403 044 INDIA
 

SIKKA, D.R.
40 Mausam Vihar, New Delhi 110051 INDIA
 
SRIVASTAVA, S.K.
Indian Meteorological Department
New Delhi 110 003 INDIA
 
SWATHI, P.S.
CSIR Centre for Mathematical Modeling
& Computer Simulation (C-MMACS)
Bangalore 560 037 INDIA
Tel: 091-080-5274667, 5274649
Fax: 091-080-5260392
email: swathi@cmmacs.ernet.in
 
TANS, PIETER I.
NOAA/CMDL
325 Broadway, R/E/CG1
Boulder, CO 80303 USA
Tel: (303) 497-6678 
Fax: (303)497-6290
email: ptans@cmdl.noaa.gov
 
THIEMENS, MARK H.
Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
University of California San Diego
La Jolla, CA 92093-0356 USA
Tel: (619) 534-5489
Fax: (619) 822-0389
email: mthiemens@ucsd.edu 

TIWARI, M.K.
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110012 INDIA
Tel: 091-11-5760078
Fax: 091-11-5752678, 5764189
email: mktiwari@csnpl.ren.nic.in
 
TIWARI, V.S.
Indian Meteorological Department
Lodi Road
New Delhi 110 003 INDIA
 
VERNEKAR, K.G.
Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology
Dr. Homi Bhabha Road
Pune 411 008 INDIA
Tel: 091-0212-330846
Fax: 091-0212-347825
 
WILLIAMS, STEVEN F.
UCAR/Joint Office for Science Support (JOSS)
P.O. Box 3000
Boulder, Colorado 80307 USA
Tel: 303-497-8164
Fax: 303-497-8158
email: steve@joss.ucar.edu

ZALPURI, K.S.
National Physical Laboratory
Dr. K.S. Krishnan Marg
New Delhi 110 012 INDIA
Tel: 091-011-5788220
Fax: 091-011-5752678, 5764189
email: zalpuri@npl@sirnetd.ernet.in
zalpuri@csnpl.rev.nic.in
    Appendix E: INDOEX International Steering Group

    Prof. Meinrat O. Andreae    , Max-Planck Institut für Chemie, Mainz, Germany
    Email: moa@diane.mpch-mainz.mpg.de

    Prof. James A. Coakley, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
    Email: coakley@ats.orst.edu

    Prof. Dr. Paul J. Crutzen, Co-Chief Scientist, Max-Planck Institut für Chemie, Mainz, Germany
    Email: air@mpch-mainz.mpg.de

    Dr. Michel Desbois, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Paris, France
    Email: desbois@lmdx04.polytechnique.fr

    Dr. Richard Dirks, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
    Email: dirks2@ncar.ucar.edu

    Prof. Dr. Jost Heintzenberg, Institute of Tropospheric Research, Leipzig, Germany
    Email: jost@tropos.de

    Dr. Jeffrey T. Kiehl, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
    Email: jtkon@ncar.ucar.edu

    Prof. Dieter Kley, Forschungszentrum, Jülich, Germany
    Email: D.Kley@fz-juelich.de

    Dr. Joach P. Kuettner, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
    Email: kuettner@ncar.ucar.edu

    Prof. Jos Lelieveld, Rijiksuniversiteit Utrecht, The Netherlands
    Email: lelieveld@fys.ruu.nl

    Dr. A. P. Mitra, National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India
    Email: apmitra@doe.ernet.in

    Prof. Joseph M. Prospero, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
    Email: jprospero@rsmas.miami.edu

    Prof. V. Ramanathan, Co-Chief Scientist, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
    Email: ram@fiji.ucsd.edu

    Prof. Robert A. P. Sadourny, Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Paris, France
    Email: sadourny@lmd.ens.fr

    Dr. Adrian Tuck, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado
    Email: Adrian.F.Tuck@noaa.gov

    Dr. Francisco P. J. Valero, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
    Email: fvalero@ucsd.edu

    Hung V. Nguyen, Executive Secretary, Scripps Institution of Oceanography
    La Jolla, California, Email: hnguyen@ucsd.edu

    Appendix F: List of Acronyms

     AVHRR Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer

    C4 Center for Clouds, Chemistry, and Climate (UCSD)
    CARPOS Cloud Aerosol Radiation Pollution Observing System
    CERES Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (TRMM)

    CIDS C4 Integrated Data System
    CIMEL French radiometer
    CLASS Crosschain Loran Atmospheric Sounding System
    CNES Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (France)

    DMSP Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (U.S.)
    DOD Department of Ocean Development (India)

    ECMWF European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasting

    FFP First Field Phase (INDOEX)
    FSU Florida State University
    FY-2 Feng Yang (Chinese Geostationary Meteorological Satellite)

    GMS Geostationary Meteorological Satellite of Japan
    GSFC Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA)

    IFP Intensive Field Phase (INDOEX)
    IITM Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (India)
    IISc Indian Institute of Science (India)
    IITD Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi (India)
    IMD Indian Meteorological Department (India)
    INDOEX Indian Ocean Experiment

    INSAT – Indian Geostationary- Meteorological satellite system – Location 74,84,94ƒE
    ISRO Indian Space Research Organization (India)
    IRS-P3 Indian Remote Sensing Satellite – P3
    ITCZ Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone

    JOSS Joint Office for Science Support (UCAR)

    LMD Laboratorie de Meteorologie Dynamique (France)
    LOA Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique (France)
    LSCE Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (France)

    MBL Marine Boundary Layer
    MISU Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University
    MOS Modular Optoelectronic Scanner

    NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration (U.S.)
    NCAR National Center for Atmospheric Research
    NCSU North Carolina State University
    NIO National Institute of Oceanography (India)
    NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (U.S.)

    NPL National Physical Laboratory (India)
    NRL Naval Research Laboratory (U.S.)

    OLR Outgoing Longwave Radiation
    ORV Oceanographic Research Vessel
    OSU Oregon State University

    PBL Planetary Boundary Layer
    PRL Physical Research Laboratory (India)

    SABL Scanning Aerosol Backscatter Lidar
    SAC Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad (India)
    ScaRaB Scanning for earth Radiation Budget
    SIO Scripps Institute of Oceanography
    SK Sagar Kanya
    SPL Space Physics Laboratory (India)
    SSC Scientific Steering Committee
    SSM/I Special Sensor Microwave Imager
    SSM/I /T2– Special Sensor Microwave Imager – Temperature Profiler
    SST Sea Surface Temperature
    SVISSR Super-duper Visible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer

    TAF Terminal Area Forecast
    TMI/PR TRMM Microwave Imager/Precipitation Radar (TRMM)
    TOA Top of Atmosphere
    TRMM Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission

    UCAR University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
    UCI University of California at Irvine
    UCSD University of California at San Diego
    UM University of Mauritius
    UMD University of Maryland
    UV Ultra Violet

    VHRR- Very High Resolution Radiometer
    VIRS Visible infrared Scanner (TRMM)

    WMO World Meteorological Organization

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